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Normal hemoglobin levels vary based on factors such as age and sex assigned at birth, with adult males typically having higher levels than adult females .

High hemoglobin levels may indicate conditions like severe dehydration, heart disease, or COPD, while low levels are often associated with anemia, heavy menstruation, or underlying health issues .

The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test is used to measure average blood sugar levels over several months, primarily for individuals with diabetes, and is distinct from tests measuring total hemoglobin levels .